State of the art: evolving concepts in the treatment of heavily calcified and undilatable coronary stenoses – from debulking to plaque modification, a 40-year-long journey
Emanuele Barbato1,2*, MD, PhD; Evan Shlofmitz3,4, DO; Anastasios Milkas1,5, MD; Richard Shlofmitz4, MD; Lorenzo Azzalini6, MD, PhD, MSc; Antonio Colombo6, MD
1. Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalst OLV Hospital, Aalst, Belgium; 2. Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; 3. Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA; 4. St. Francis Hospital, Rosly
Since the first balloon angioplasty by Andreas Grüntzig 40 years ago, interventional cardiology has witnessed the introduction of countless tools and techniques that have significantly contributed to broadening the applicatio